Virginia woolf as a feminist writer

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83883-2 - The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf Jane Goldman Frontmatter More information The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf For students of modern literature, the works of Virginia Woolf are essential reading. In her novels, short stories, essays, polemical pamphlets and in her private letters she explored, questioned and refashioned everything about modern life: cinema, sexuality, shopping, education, feminism, politics and war. Her elegant and startlingly original sentences became a model of modernist prose. This is a clear and informative introduction to Woolf ’s life, works, and cultural and critical contexts, explaining the importance of the Bloomsbury group in the development of her work. It covers the major works in detail, including To the Lighthouse, Mrs Dalloway, The Waves and the key short stories. As well as providing students with the essential information needed to study Woolf, Jane Goldman suggests further reading to allow students to find their way through the most important critical works. All students of Woolf will find this a useful and illuminating overview of the field. is Senior Lecturer in English and American Literature at the University of Dundee. JANE GOLDMAN © Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83883-2 - The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf Jane Goldman Frontmatter More information Cambridge Introductions to Literature This series is designed to introduce students to key topics and authors. Accessible and lively, these introductions will also appeal to readers who want to broaden their understanding of the books and authors they enjoy.  Ideal for students, teachers, and lecturers  Concise, yet packed with essential information  Key suggestions for further reading Titles in this series: Bulson The Cambridge Introduction to James Joyce Cooper The Cambridge Introduction to T. S. Eliot Dillon The Cambridge Introduction to Early English Theatre Goldman The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf Holdeman The Cambridge Introduction to W. B. Yeats McDonald The Cambridge Introduction to Samuel Beckett Peters The Cambridge Introduction to Joseph Conrad Scofield The Cambridge Introduction to the American Short Story Thomson The Cambridge Introduction to English Theatre, 1600–1900 Todd The Cambridge Introduction to Jane Austen © Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83883-2 - The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf Jane Goldman Frontmatter More information The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf JANE GOLDMAN © Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83883-2 - The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf Jane Goldman Frontmatter More information CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Information on this title: © Jane Goldman 2006 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2006 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A Catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN-13 978-0-521-83883-2 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-83883-5 hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-54756-7 paperback ISBN-10 0-521-54756-3 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83883-2 - The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf Jane Goldman Frontmatter More information Contents Preface List of abbreviations Chapter 1 Life page vii x 1 1882–1909 The 1910s The 1920s 1930–1941 3 11 17 21 Chapter 2 Contexts 25 Biographies Bloomsbury Wider historical and political contexts Modern and contemporary cultural contexts 27 32 33 34 Chapter 3 Works 37 Woolf ’s fiction Woolf ’s nonfiction Other essays 38 96 112 Chapter 4 Critical reception 123 Introductory reading Critical reception Contemporary reviews and the 1940s: innovation, experimentalism, impressionism 125 127 © Cambridge University Press 127 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83883-2 - The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf Jane Goldman Frontmatter More information vi Contents The 1950s and 1960s: philosophy, psychology, myth The 1970s and 1980s: feminism, androgyny, modernism, aesthetics The 1980s: feminism, postmodernism, sexual/textual politics The 1990s to the present: feminism, historicism, postcolonialism, ethics Notes Guide to further reading Index © Cambridge University Press 129 130 132 134 137 140 145 Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83883-2 - The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf Jane Goldman Frontmatter More information Preface Reading Virginia Woolf will change your life, may even save it. If you want to make sense of modern life, the works of Virginia Woolf remain essential reading. More than fifty years since her death, accounts of her life still set the pace for modern modes of living. Plunge (and this Introduction is intended to help you take the plunge) into Woolf ’s works – at any point – whether in her novels, her short stories, her essays, her polemical pamphlets, or her published letters, diaries, memoirs and journals – and you will be transported by her elegant, startling, buoyant sentences to a world where everything in modern life (cinema, sexuality, shopping, education, feminism, politics, war and so on) is explored and questioned and refashioned. ‘My brain’, she confides in one diary entry, ‘is ferociously active’ (D3 132); and Woolf ’s writing is infused with her formidably productive mental energy, with her appetite for modern life, modern people and modern art. Woolf ’s writing both records and shapes modern experience, modern consciousness; but it also opens up to scrutiny the process of writing itself, a process she herself frequently records, and also finds exhilarating. She famously depicts fictional writing, in A Room of One’s Own (1929), as ‘a spider’s web, attached ever so lightly perhaps, but still attached to life at all four corners’. Fictional works may, Woolf claims, ‘seem to hang there complete by themselves. But when the web is pulled askew, hooked up at the edge, torn in the middle, one remembers that these webs are not spun in mid-air by incorporeal creatures, but are the work of suVering human beings, and are attached to grossly material things, like health and money and the houses we live in’ (AROO 62–3). This Introduction will guide you through Woolf ’s writing, but also delineate for you the life of the person who produced it (her critical and cultural afterlife, too): you will be introduced, then, to both spider and web. As an appetiser to both, let us sample Woolf ’s fascinating account of her writing process at the heart of her writing life. In the spring of 1927, the 35-year-old Woolf takes stock, in one brief diary entry, of her achievements to date – she has by now published five novels, including Mrs Dalloway (1925) and To the Lighthouse (1927) – as she vii © Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83883-2 - The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf Jane Goldman Frontmatter More information viii Preface contemplates beginning her sixth novel, Orlando (1928), and even enjoys glimpses of her seventh, The Waves (1931); at the same time, she is also knuckling down to writing the most enduringly modern, feminist manifesto, A Room of One’s Own. Considering the shape of the work that is to become Orlando, she envisages that ‘Everything is to be tumbled in pall mall [sic]. It is to be written as I write letters at the top of my speed . . . No attempt is to be made to realise the character. Sapphism is to be suggested. Satire is to be the main note – satire & wildness’ (D3 131). But this novel is also to ‘satirise’ her own, previous writing: For the truth is I feel the need of an escapade after these serious poetic experimental books . . . I want to kick up my heels & be oV. I want to embody all those innumerable little ideas & tiny stories which flash into my mind at all seasons. I think this will be great fun to write; & it will rest my head before starting the very serious, mystical poetical work which I want to come next. (D3 131) This premonition of the novel that becomes The Waves sets her thinking about her writing agenda for the coming months, and her own creative processes: Meanwhile . . . I have to write my book on fiction [A Room of One’s Own] & that wont be done till January, I suppose. I might dash oV a page or two now & then by way of experiment. And it is possible that the idea will evaporate. Anyhow this records the odd hurried unexpected way in which these things suddenly create themselves – one thing on top of another in about an hour. So I made up Jacob’s Room looking at the fire at Hogarth House; so I made up The Lighthouse one afternoon in the square here. (D3 131–2) However quickly her works are conceived and ‘made up’, as she records here, Woolf ’s final published works we know to have been rigorously drafted and redrafted. Every word in every sentence on every page has been subjected to her scrutiny. Her pride in such perfectionism is evident in another diary entry: ‘Dear me, how lovely some parts of The Lighthouse are! Soft & pliable, & I think deep, & never a word wrong for a page at a time’ (D3 132). The following Introduction to Woolf aims to show you the main features of her web, but also to illuminate some of its finely wrought detail, too – the crucial engineering of her sentences, the devastating precision of her words. It will also consider how both spider and web have in turn been woven into decades of literary criticism and theory, and academic and popular accounts of modern culture. In short, The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf oVers © Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83883-2 - The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf Jane Goldman Frontmatter More information Preface ix a unique combination of clear and informative entrées to the life, works, and cultural and critical contexts. As well as providing you with the essential basic facts in all these realms, it will give you the opportunity to make informed decisions about further reading in Woolf and Woolf studies. This Introduction owes its existence and is also dedicated to the international community of Woolf scholars, which is now so large, and its works so numerous, that it has not been possible to cite in these pages every name or contribution of significance. I would also like to thank the many students and colleagues with whom, over many happy years, I have studied Virginia Woolf ’s writings – at the Universities of Dundee, Glasgow and Edinburgh, and at the Scottish Universities’ International Summer School. ‘We are the words; we are the music; we are the thing itself ’ (MOB 72) © Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83883-2 - The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf Jane Goldman Frontmatter More information Abbreviations Quotations will be cited in parentheses in the text by page number, or by volume and page number. Any inconsistencies and idiosyncrasies of spelling, syntax and punctuation are Woolf ’s own. AROO BA CE CH CSF D1–5 E1–4 F JR L1–6 LAW LS LWL M MD MOB ND O A Room of One’s Own (London: Hogarth, 1929) Between the Acts (London: Hogarth, 1941) Collected Essays, 4 vols., ed. Leonard Woolf (London: Chatto & Windus, 1967) Robin Majumdar and Allen McLaurin (eds.), Virginia Woolf: The Critical Heritage (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975) The Complete Shorter Fiction of Virginia Woolf, ed. Susan Dick, 2nd edn (London: Hogarth, 1989) The Diary of Virginia Woolf (1915–1941), 5 vols., ed. Anne Olivier Bell and Andrew McNeillie (London: Hogarth, 1977–84) The Essays of Virginia Woolf, vols. 1–4 (of 6), ed. Andrew McNeillie (London: Hogarth, 1986–94) Flush: A Biography (London: Hogarth, 1933) Jacob’s Room (London: Hogarth, 1922) The Letters of Virginia Woolf (1888–1941), 6 vols., ed. Nigel Nicolson and Joanne Trautman (London: Hogarth, 1975–80) Margaret Llewellyn-Davies (ed.), Life As We Have Known It by Co-Operative Working Women (London: Hogarth, 1931) The London Scene (London: Snowbooks, 2004) Leonard Woolf, The Letters of Leonard Woolf, ed. Frederick Spotts (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989) The Moment and Other Essays (London: Hogarth, 1947) Mrs Dalloway (London: Hogarth, 1925) Moments of Being, ed. Jeanne Schulkind, 2nd edn (London: Hogarth, 1985) Night and Day (London: Duckworth, 1919) Orlando: A Biography (London: Hogarth, 1928) x © Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-83883-2 - The Cambridge Introduction to Virginia Woolf Jane Goldman Frontmatter More information Abbreviations TG TL TLH VBL VO VWB1–2 VWIL VWL W WD Y xi Three Guineas (London: Hogarth, 1938) To the Lighthouse (London: Hogarth, 1927) To the Lighthouse: The Original Holograph Draft, ed. Susan Dick (Toronto and London: University of Toronto Press, 1983) Vanessa Bell, The Selected Letters of Vanessa Bell, ed. Regina Marler (London: Bloomsbury, 1993) The Voyage Out (London: Duckworth, 1915) Quentin Bell, Virginia Woolf: A Biography, 2 vols. (London: Hogarth, 1972) Julia Briggs, Virginia Woolf: An Inner Life (London: Penguin, 2005) Hermione Lee, Virginia Woolf (London: Chatto & Windus, 1996) The Waves (London: Hogarth, 1931) A Writer’s Diary, ed. Leonard Woolf (London: Hogarth, 1953) The Years (London: Hogarth, 1937) © Cambridge University Press